Urinary tract infection(UTI)

Urinary tract infection(UTI):

Urinary tract infection (UTI) refers to symptomatic bacterial infection within the urinary tract.

Types of (UTI)
Ascending
Descending

Lower  UTI
Upper UTI
Asymptomatic UTI
Catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI)

Community-acquired UTI
Hospital-acquired UTI


Clinical signs and symptoms

Fever with chills and rigors
Burning micturition
Increased frequency of micturition
Haematuria
Suprapubic tenderness
Flank pain

Risk factors
Female: due to short urethra
Vesicourethral reflex in infants
Ureteric calculi
Behavioral factors _infrequent emptying of the bladder & frequent sexual intercourse and usage of spermicides..
Pregnancy
Indwelling Catheters

Laboratory diagnosis

Complete blood count and Differential count showing neutrophilic predominance.
Urine routine: showing plenty of pus cells
Urine dipstick test: nitrate and leucocyte esterase positive.
Urine culture: clean-catch midstream urine sample showing growth of single or two organisms, more than 100000 CFU/ml.

Commonest organisms: Gram-negative like E.coli, K.pneumoniae and Proteus spp

                                          Gram-positive like Enterococcus sps, Streptococcus agalactiae, and                                                                Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Treatment: based on the antibiotic susceptibility the patient can be started on oral or intravenous antibiotics.
For community-acquired uncomplicated UTI, any of the fluoroquinolones, cotrimoxazole, nitrofurantoin, or oral cephalosporins can be given for 7 days.

Complications of UTI
Pyelonephritis
Urosepsis https://jidc.org/index.php/journal/article/view/34669606/2630
Acute kidney injury
Emphysematous necrosis